TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Red Cell Transfusion
A1  - Lichtman, Marshall A.
A1  - Kaushansky, Kenneth
A1  - Kipps, Thomas J.
A1  - Prchal, Josef T.
A1  - Levi, Marcel M.
PY  - 2011
T2  - Williams Manual of Hematology, 8e
AB  - Erythrocytes  are  preserved  by  liquid  storage  at  4°C  or  by  frozen  storage  at  either  –80°C  or  –150°C.Preservative  solutions  for  liquid  storage  all  contain  glucose,  to  provide  energy,  and  citrate  buffer  at  an  acid  pH  to  prevent  coagulation  by  binding  calcium  and  to  counter  the  marked  rise  in  pH  that  occurs  when  blood  is  cooled  to  4°C.CPD-adenine  is  the  preservative  solution  most  used  now  in  the  United  States.  It  contains  adenine,  citrate,  phosphate,  and  dextrose  (glucose).Adenine  is  added  to  help  maintain  intracellular  levels  of  ATP.Erythrocytes  are  then  separated  and  stored  in  an  additive  solution  that  contains  glucose,  adenine,  and  mannitol.The  remainder  of  the  blood  collection  is  separated  into  plasma  and  platelets.Stored  erythrocytes  develop  the  so-called  storage  lesion,  characterized  in  part  by  reduced  levels  of  ATP,  which  interfere  with  glucose  metabolism  and  reduce  cell  viability.  2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate  levels  also  rapidly  fall  during  storage,  which  increase  the  oxygen  affinity  of  hemoglobin  and  thereby  decreases  the  initial  effectiveness  of  reinfused  red  cells.  Potassium  also  leaks  rapidly  from  stored  cells.Frozen  storage  requires  a  cryoprotective  agent  to  avoid  hemolysis  during  freezing  and  thawing.  Glycerol  is  the  most  frequently  used  agent.  With  proper  technique,  more  than  80  percent  of  erythrocytes  will  survive  frozen  storage  and  function  normally  after  transfusion.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1126655084
ER  -