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Epidemiology
Siegel R et al. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:9–29
Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, available from http://seer.cancer.gov (accessed in 2013)
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Pathology
Histopathologic evaluation should include a description of cell type(s), whether or not there are areas of differing differentiation and the extent of differentiation, whether the tumor is a micropapillary or nested variant, grade (low [G1] vs. high [G2, G3]), presence or absence of lymphatic invasion, the depth of invasion, and whether or not there is muscle in the specimen. Pathologic grade is important in the management of noninvasive tumors
McDougal WS et al. Cancer of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. In: Devita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008
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MVAC is the historic standard of care for systemic therapy of patients with metastatic bladder cancer based on high response rates and cure in a subset of patients. A phase III trial demonstrated that the 2-drug doublet of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) and MVAC are similar in response and survival but that GC has a better toxicity profile. A phase III trial compared dose dense or high dose (DD) MVAC (plus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on 2 week cycles) to standard MVAC (on a 4-week cycle) [1–2]. Although there was ...