Acetoacetate | P | 49–294 μmol/L | 0.5–3.0 mg/dL |
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) | P | 1.3–16.7 pmol/L | 6.0–76.0 pg/mL |
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) | S | 0.12–0.70 μkat/L | 7–41 U/L |
Albumin | S | 40–50 g/L | 4.0–5.0 mg/dL |
Aldolase | S | 26–138 nkat/L | 1.5–8.1 U/L |
Aldosterone (adult) | | | |
Supine, normal sodium diet | S, P | <443 pmol/L | <16 ng/dL |
Upright, normal | S, P | 111–858 pmol/L | 4–31 ng/dL |
Alpha fetoprotein (adult) | S | 0–8.5 μg/L | 0–8.5 ng/mL |
Alpha1 antitrypsin | S | 1.0–2.0 g/L | 100–200 mg/dL |
Ammonia, as NH3 | P | 11–35 μmol/L | 19–60 μg/dL |
Amylase (method dependent) | S | 0.34–1.6 μkat/L | 20–96 U/L |
Androstendione (adult) | S | | |
Males | | 0.81–3.1 nmol/L | 23–89 ng/dL |
Females | | | |
Premenopausal | | 0.91–7.5 nmol/L | 26–214 ng/dL |
Postmenopausal | | 0.46–2.9 nmol/L | 13–82 ng/dL |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | S | 0.15–1.1 μkat/L | 9–67 U/L |
Anion gap | S | 7–16 mmol/L | 7–16 mmol/L |
Apolipoprotein A-1 | S | | |
Male | | 0.94–1.78 g/L | 94–178 mg/dL |
Female | | 1.01–1.99 g/L | 101–199 mg/dL |
Apolipoprotein B | S | | |
Male | | 0.55–1.40 g/L | 55–140 mg/dL |
Female | | 0.55–1.25 g/L | 55–125 mg/dL |
Arterial blood gases | WB | | |
[HCO3–] | | 22–30 mmol/L | 22–30 meq/L |
PCO2 | | 4.3–6.0 kPa | 32–45 mmHg |
pH | | 7.35–7.45 | 7.35–7.45 |
PO2 | | 9.6–13.8 kPa | 72–104 mmHg |
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) | S | 0.20–0.65 μkat/L | 12–38 U/L |
Autoantibodies | S | | |
Anti-centromere antibody IgG | | ≤29 AU/mL | ≤29 AU/mL |
Anti-double-strand (native) DNA | | <25 IU/L | <25 IU/L |
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies | | | |
Qualitative IgG, IgA | | Negative | Negative |
Quantitative IgG antibody | | ≤19 AU/mL | ≤19 AU/mL |
Anti-histone antibodies | | <1.0 U | <1.0 U |
Anti-Jo-1 antibody | | ≤29 AU/mL | ≤29 AU/mL |
Anti-mitochondrial antibody | | Not applicable | <20 Units |
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies | | Not applicable | <1:20 |
Serine proteinase 3 antibodies | | ≤19 AU/mL | ≤19 AU/mL |
Myeloperoxidase antibodies | | ≤19 AU/mL | ≤19 AU/mL |
Antinuclear antibody | | Not applicable | Negative at 1:40 |
Anti-parietal cell antibody | | Not applicable | None detected |
Anti-RNP antibody | | Not applicable | <1.0 U |
Anti-Scl 70 antibody | | Not applicable | <1.0 U |
Anti-Smith antibody | | Not applicable | <1.0 U |
Anti–smooth muscle antibody | | Not applicable | <1.0 U |
Anti-SSA antibody | | Not applicable | <1.0 U |
Anti-SSB antibody | | Not applicable | Negative |
Anti-thyroglobulin antibody | | <40 kIU/L | <40 IU/mL |
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody | | <35 kIU/L | <35 IU/mL |
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) | P | Age and gender specific: <100 ng/L | Age and gender specific: <100 pg/mL |
Bence Jones protein, serum qualitative | S | Not applicable | None detected |
Bence Jones protein, serum quantitative | S | | |
Free kappa | | 3.3–19.4 mg/L | 0.33–1.94 mg/dL |
Free lambda | | 5.7–26.3 mg/L | 0.57–2.63 mg/dL |
K/L ratio | | 0.26–1.65 | 0.26–1.65 |
Beta-2-microglobulin | S | 1.1–2.4 mg/L | 1.1–2.4 mg/L |
Bilirubin | S | | |
Total | | 5.1–22 μmol/L | 0.3–1.3 mg/dL |
Direct | | 1.7–6.8 μmol/L | 0.1–0.4 mg/dL |
Indirect | | 3.4–15.2 μmol/L | 0.2–0.9 mg/dL |
C peptide | S | 0.27–1.19 nmol/L | 0.8–3.5 ng/mL |
C1-esterase-inhibitor protein | S | 210–390 mg/L | 21–39 mg/dL |
CA 125 | S | <35 kU/L | <35 U/mL |
CA 19-9 | S | <37 kU/L | <37 U/mL |
CA 15-3 | S | <33 kU/L | <33 U/mL |
CA 27-29 | S | 0–40 kU/L | 0–40 U/mL |
Calcitonin | S | | |
Male | | 0–7.5 ng/L | 0–7.5 pg/mL |
Female | | 0–5.1 ng/L | 0–5.1 pg/mL |
Calcium | S | 2.2–2.6 mmol/L | 8.7–10.2 mg/dL |
Calcium, ionized | WB | 1.12–1.32 mmol/L | 4.5–5.3 mg/dL |
Carbon dioxide content (TCO2) | P (sea level) | 22–30 mmol/L | 22–30 meq/L |
Carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide content) | WB | | |
Nonsmokers | | 0.0–0.015 | 0–1.5% |
Smokers | | 0.04–0.09 | 4–9% |
Loss of consciousness and death | | >0.50 | >50% |
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | S | | |
Nonsmokers | | 0.0–3.0 μg/L | 0.0–3.0 ng/mL |
Smokers | | 0.0–5.0 μg/L | 0.0–5.0 ng/mL |
Ceruloplasmin | S | 250–630 mg/L | 25–63 mg/dL |
Chloride | S | 102–109 mmol/L | 102–109 meq/L |
Cholesterol: see Table 5 | | | |
Cholinesterase | S | 5–12 kU/L | 5–12 U/mL |
Chromogranin A | S | 0–50 μg/L | 0–50 ng/mL |
Complement | S | | |
C3 | | 0.83–1.77 g/L | 83–177 mg/dL |
C4 | | 0.16–0.47 g/L | 16–47 mg/dL |
Complement total | | 60–144 CAE units | 60–144 CAE units |
Cortisol | | | |
Fasting, 8 A.M.–12 noon | S | 138–690 nmol/L | 5–25 μg/dL |
12 noon–8 P.M. | | 138–414 nmol/L | 5–15 μg/dL |
8 P.M.–8 A.M. | | 0–276 nmol/L | 0–10 μg/dL |
C-reactive protein | S | <10 mg/L | <10 mg/L |
C-reactive protein, high sensitivity | S | Cardiac risk Low: <1.0 mg/L Average: 1.0–3.0 mg/L High: >3.0 mg/L | Cardiac risk Low: <1.0 mg/L Average: 1.0–3.0 mg/L High: >3.0 mg/L |
Creatine kinase (total) | S | | |
Females | | 0.66–4.0 μkat/L | 39–238 U/L |
Males | | 0.87–5.0 μkat/L | 51–294 U/L |
Creatine kinase-MB | S | | |
Mass | | 0.0–5.5 μg/L | 0.0–5.5 ng/mL |
Fraction of total activity (by electrophoresis) | | 0–0.04 | 0–4.0% |
Creatinine | S | | |
Female | | 44–80 μmol/L | 0.5–0.9 mg/dL |
Male | | 53–106 μmol/L | 0.6–1.2 mg/dL |
Cryoglobulins | S | Not applicable | None detected |
Cystatin C | S | 0.5–1.0 mg/L | 0.5–1.0 mg/L |
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (adult) | | | |
Male | S | 6.2–43.4 nmol/L | 180–1250 ng/dL |
Female | | 4.5–34.0 nmol/L | 130–980 ng/dL |
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate | S | | |
Male (adult) | | 100–6190 μg/L | 10–619 μg/dL |
Female (adult, premenopausal) | | 120–5350 μg/L | 12–535 μg/dL |
Female (adult, postmenopausal) | | 300–2600 μg/L | 30–260 μg/dL |
11-Deoxycortisol (adult) (compound S) | S | 0.34–4.56 nmol/L | 12–158 ng/dL |
Dihydrotestosterone | | | |
Male | S, P | 1.03–2.92 nmol/L | 30–85 ng/dL |
Female | | 0.14–0.76 nmol/L | 4–22 ng/dL |
Dopamine | P | 0–130 pmol/L | 0–20 pg/mL |
Epinephrine | P | | |
Supine (30 min) | | <273 pmol/L | <50 pg/mL |
Sitting | | <328 pmol/L | <60 pg/mL |
Standing (30 min) | | <491 pmol/L | <90 pg/mL |
Erythropoietin | S | 4–27 U/L | 4–27 U/L |
Estradiol | S, P | | |
Female | | | |
Menstruating: | | | |
Follicular phase | | 74–532 pmol/L | <20–145 pg/mL |
Midcycle peak | | 411–1626 pmol/L | 112–443 pg/mL |
Luteal phase | | 74–885 pmol/L | <20–241 pg/mL |
Postmenopausal | | 217 pmol/L | <59 pg/mL |
Male | | 74 pmol/L | <20 pg/mL |
Estrone | S, P | | |
Female | | | |
Menstruating: | | | |
Follicular phase | | <555 pmol/L | <150 pg/mL |
Luteal phase | | <740 pmol/L | <200 pg/mL |
Postmenopausal | | 11–118 pmol/L | 3–32 pg/mL |
Male | | 33–133 pmol/L | 9–36 pg/mL |
Fatty acids, free (nonesterified) | P | 0.1–0.6 mmol/L | 2.8–16.8 mg/dL |
Ferritin | S | | |
Female | | 10–150 μg/L | 10–150 ng/mL |
Male | | 29–248 μg/L | 29–248 ng/mL |
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | S, P | | |
Female | | | |
Menstruating | | | |
Follicular phase | | 3.0–20.0 IU/L | 3.0–20.0 mIU/mL |
Ovulatory phase | | 9.0–26.0 IU/L | 9.0–26.0 mIU/mL |
Luteal phase | | 1.0–12.0 IU/L | 1.0–12.0 mIU/mL |
Postmenopausal | | 18.0–153.0 IU/L | 18.0–153.0 mIU/mL |
Male | | 1.0–12.0 IU/L | 1.0–12.0 mIU/mL |
Fructosamine | S | <285 umol/L | <285 umol/L |
Gamma glutamyltransferase | S | 0.15–0.99 μkat/L | 9–58 U/L |
Gastrin | S | <100 ng/L | <100 pg/mL |
Glucagon | P | 40–130 ng/L | 40–130 pg/mL |
Glucose | WB | 3.6–5.3 mmol/L | 65–95 mg/dL |
Glucose (fasting) | P | | |
Normal | | 4.2–5.6 mmol/L | 75–100 mg/dL |
Increased risk for diabetes | | 5.6–6.9 mmol/L | 100–125 mg/dL |
Diabetes mellitus | | Fasting >7.0 mmol/L A 2-hour level of >11.1 mmol/L during an oral glucose tolerance test A random glucose level of ≥11.1 mmol/L in patients with symptoms of hyperglycemia | Fasting >126 mg/dL A 2-hour level of ≥200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test A random glucose level of ≥200 mg/dL in patients with symptoms of hyperglycemia |
Growth hormone | S | 0–5 μg/L | 0–5 ng/mL |
Hemoglobin A1c | WB | | |
Pre-diabetes | | 0.04–0.06 HgB fraction | 4.0–5.6% |
Diabetes mellitus | | 0.057–0.064 HgB fraction A hemoglobin A1c level of ≥0.065 Hgb fraction as suggested by the American Diabetes Association | 5.7–6.4% A hemoglobin A1c level of ≥6.5% as suggested by the American Diabetes Association |
Hemoglobin A1c with estimated average glucose (eAg) | WB | eAg (mmoL/L) = 1.59 × HbA1c – 2.59 | eAg (mg/dL) = 28.7 × HbA1c – 46.7 |
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (see Table 5) | | | |
Homocysteine | P | 4.4–10.8 μmol/L | 4.4–10.8 μmol/L |
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) | S | | |
Nonpregnant female | | <5 IU/L | <5 mIU/mL |
1–2 weeks postconception | | 9–130 IU/L | 9–130 mIU/mL |
2–3 weeks postconception | | 75–2600 IU/L | 75–2600 mIU/mL |
3–4 weeks postconception | | 850–20,800 IU/L | 850–20,800 mIU/mL |
4–5 weeks postconception | | 4000–100,200 IU/L | 4000–100,200 mIU/mL |
5–10 weeks postconception | | 11,500–289,000 IU/L | 11,500–289,000 mIU/mL |
10–14 weeks post conception | | 18,300–137,000 IU/L | 18,300–137,000 mIU/mL |
Second trimester | | 1400–53,000 IU/L | 1400–53,000 mIU/mL |
Third trimester | | 940–60,000 IU/L | 940–60,000 mIU/mL |
β-Hydroxybutyrate | P | 60–170 μmol/L | 0.6–1.8 mg/dL |
17-Hydroxyprogesterone (adult) | S | | |
Male | | <4.17 nmol/L | <139 ng/dL |
Female | | | |
Follicular phase | | 0.45–2.1 nmol/L | 15–70 ng/dL |
Luteal phase | | 1.05–8.7 nmol/L | 35–290 ng/dL |
Immunofixation | S | Not applicable | No bands detected |
Immunoglobulin, quantitation (adult) | | | |
IgA IgD IgE IgG IgG1 IgG2 IgG3 IgG4 IgM | S S S S S S S S S | 0.70–3.50 g/L 0–140 mg/L 1–87 kIU/L 7.0–17.0 g/L 2.7–17.4 g/L 0.3–6.3 g/L 0.13–3.2 g/L 0.11–6.2 g/L 0.50–3.0 g/L | 70–350 mg/dL 0–14 mg/dL 1–87 IU/mL 700–1700 mg/dL 270–1740 mg/dL 30–630 mg/dL 13–320 mg/dL 11–620 mg/dL 50–300 mg/dL |
Insulin | S, P | 14.35–143.5 pmol/L | 2–20 μU/mL |
Iron | S | 7–25 μmol/L | 41–141 μg/dL |
Iron-binding capacity | S | 45–73 μmol/L | 251–406 μg/dL |
Iron-binding capacity saturation | S | 0.16–0.35 | 16–35% |
Ischemia modified albumin | S | <85 KU/L | <85 U/mL |
Joint fluid crystal | JF | Not applicable | No crystals seen |
Joint fluid mucin | JF | Not applicable | Only type I mucin present |
Ketone (acetone) | S | Negative | Negative |
Lactate | P, arterial P, venous | 0.5–1.6 mmol/L 0.5–2.2 mmol/L | 4.5–14.4 mg/dL 4.5–19.8 mg/dL |
Lactate dehydrogenase | S | 2.0–3.8 μkat/L | 115–221 U/L |
Lipase | S | 0.51–0.73 μkat/L | 3–43 U/L |
Lipids: see Table 5 | | | |
Lipoprotein (a) | S | 0–300 mg/L | 0–30 mg/dL |
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (see Table 5) | | | |
Luteinizing hormone (LH) | S, P | | |
Female | | | |
Menstruating | | | |
Follicular phase Ovulatory phase Luteal phase Postmenopausal Male | | 2.0–15.0 U/L 22.0–105.0 U/L 0.6–19.0 U/L 16.0–64.0 U/L 2.0–12.0 U/L | 2.0–15.0 mIU/mL 22.0–105.0 mIU/mL 0.6–19.0 mIU/mL 16.0–64.0 mIU/mL 2.0–12.0 mIU/mL |
Magnesium | S | 0.62–0.95 mmol/L | 1.5–2.3 mg/dL |
Metanephrine | P | <0.5 nmol/L | <100 pg/mL |
Methemoglobin | WB | 0.0–0.01 | 0–1% |
Myoglobin | S | | |
Male Female | | 20–71 μg/L 25–58 μg/L | 20–71 μg/L 25–58 μg/L |
Norepinephrine | P | | |
Supine (30 min) Sitting Standing (30 min) | | 650–2423 pmol/L 709–4019 pmol/L 739–4137 pmol/L | 110–410 pg/mL 120–680 pg/mL 125–700 pg/mL |
N-telopeptide (cross-linked), NTx | S | | |
Female, premenopausal Male | | 6.2–19.0 nmol BCE 5.4–24.2 nmol BCE | 6.2–19.0 nmol BCE 5.4–24.2 nmol BCE |
NT-Pro BNP | S, P | <125 ng/L up to 75 years <450 ng/L >75 years | <125 pg/mL up to 75 years <450 pg/mL >75 years |
5′ Nucleotidase | S | 0.00–0.19 μkat/L | 0–11 U/L |
Osmolality | P | 275–295 mOsmol/kg serum water | 275–295 mOsmol/kg serum water |
Osteocalcin | S | 11–50 μg/L | 11–50 ng/mL |
Oxygen content | WB | | |
Arterial (sea level) Venous (sea level) | | 17–21 10–16 | 17–21 vol% 10–16 vol% |
Oxygen saturation (sea level) Arterial Venous, arm | WB | Fraction: 0.94–1.0 0.60–0.85 | Percent: 94–100% 60–85% |
Parathyroid hormone (intact) | S | 8–51 ng/L | 8–51 pg/mL |
Phosphatase, alkaline | S | 0.56–1.63 μkat/L | 33–96 U/L |
Phosphorus, inorganic | S | 0.81–1.4 mmol/L | 2.5–4.3 mg/dL |
Potassium | S | 3.5–5.0 mmol/L | 3.5–5.0 meq/L |
Prealbumin | S | 170–340 mg/L | 17–34 mg/dL |
Procalcitonin | S | <0.1 μg/L | <0.1 ng/mL |
Progesterone | S, P | | |
Female: Follicular Midluteal Male | | <3.18 nmol/L 9.54–63.6 nmol/L <3.18 nmol/L | <1.0 ng/mL 3–20 ng/mL <1.0 ng/mL |
Prolactin | S | | |
Male Female | | 53–360 mg/L 40–530 mg/L | 2.5–17 ng/mL 1.9–25 ng/mL |
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | S | 0.0–4.0 μg/L | 0.0–4.0 ng/mL |
Prostate-specific antigen, free | S | With total PSA between 4 and 10 μg/L and when the free PSA is: >0.25 decreased risk of prostate cancer <0.10 increased risk of prostate cancer | With total PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL and when the free PSA is: >25% decreased risk of prostate cancer <10% increased risk of prostate cancer |
Protein fractions: | S | | |
Albumin Globulin Alpha1 Alpha2 Beta Gamma | | 35–55 g/L 20–35 g/L 2–4 g/L 5–9 g/L 6–11 g/L 7–17 g/L | 3.5–5.5 g/dL (50–60%) 2.0–3.5 g/dL (40–50%) 0.2–0.4 g/dL (4.2–7.2%) 0.5–0.9 g/dL (6.8–12%) 0.6–1.1 g/dL (9.3–15%) 0.7–1.7 g/dL (13–23%) |
Protein, total | S | 67–86 g/L | 6.7–8.6 g/dL |
Pyruvate | P | 40–130 μmol/L | 0.35–1.14 mg/dL |
Rheumatoid factor | S | <15 kIU/L | <15 IU/mL |
Serotonin | WB | 0.28–1.14 umol/L | 50–200 ng/mL |
Serum protein electrophoresis | S | Not applicable | Normal pattern |
Sex hormone–binding globulin (adult) | S | | |
Male Female | | 11–80 nmol/L 30–135 nmol/L | 11–80 nmol/L 30–135 nmol/L |
Sodium | S | 136–146 mmol/L | 136–146 meq/L |
Somatomedin-C (IGF-1) (adult) | S | | |
16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21–25 years 26–30 years 31–35 years 36–40 years 41–45 years 46–50 years 51–55 years 56–60 years 61–65 years | | 226–903 μg/L 193–731 μg/L 163–584 μg/L 141–483 μg/L 127–424 μg/L 116–358 μg/L 117–329 μg/L 115–307 μg/L 119–204 μg/L 101–267 μg/L 94–252 μg/L 87–238 μg/L 81–225 μg/L 75–212 μg/L | 226–903 ng/mL 193–731 ng/mL 163–584 ng/mL 141–483 ng/mL 127–424 ng/mL 116–358 ng/mL 117–329 ng/mL 115–307 ng/mL 119–204 ng/mL 101–267 ng/mL 94–252 ng/mL 87–238 ng/mL 81–225 ng/mL 75–212 ng/mL |
66–70 years 71–75 years 76–80 years 81–85 years | | 69–200 μg/L 64–188 μg/L 59–177 μg/L 55–166 μg/L | 69–200 ng/mL 64–188 ng/mL 59–177 ng/mL 55–166 ng/mL |
Somatostatin | P | <25 ng/L | <25 pg/mL |
Testosterone, free | | |
Female, adult Male, adult | S | 10.4–65.9 pmol/L 312–1041 pmol/L | 3–19 pg/mL 90–300 pg/mL |
Testosterone, total, | S | | |
Female Male | | 0.21–2.98 nmol/L 9.36–37.10 nmol/L | 6–86 ng/dL 270–1070 ng/dL |
Thyroglobulin | S | 1.3–31.8 μg/L | 1.3–31.8 ng/mL |
Thyroid-binding globulin | S | 13–30 mg/L | 1.3–3.0 mg/dL |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone | S | 0.34–4.25 mIU/L | 0.34–4.25 μIU/mL |
Thyroxine, free (fT4) | S | 9.0–16 pmol/L | 0.7–1.24 ng/dL |
Thyroxine, total (T4) | S | 70–151 nmol/L | 5.4–11.7 μg/dL |
Thyroxine index (free) | S | 6.7–10.9 | 6.7–10.9 |
Transferrin | S | 2.0–4.0 g/L | 200–400 mg/dL |
Triglycerides (see Table 5) | S | 0.34–2.26 mmol/L | 30–200 mg/dL |
Triiodothyronine, free (fT3) | S | 3.7–6.5 pmol/L | 2.4–4.2 pg/mL |
Triiodothyronine, total (T3) | S | 1.2–2.1 nmol/L | 77–135 ng/dL |
Troponin I (method dependent) | S, P | | |
99th percentile of a healthy population | | 0–0.04 μg/L | 0–0.04 ng/mL |
Troponin T | S, P | | |
99th percentile of a healthy population | | 0–0.01 μg/L | 0–0.01 ng/mL |
Urea nitrogen | S | 2.5–7.1 mmol/L | 7–20 mg/dL |
Uric acid | S | | |
Females Males | | 0.15–0.33 mmol/L 0.18–0.41 mmol/L | 2.5–5.6 mg/dL 3.1–7.0 mg/dL |
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide | P | 0–60 ng/L | 0–60 pg/mL |
Zinc protoporphyrin | WB | 0–400 μg/L | 0–40 μg/dL |
Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)-to-heme ratio | WB | 0–69 μmol ZPP/mol heme | 0–69 μmol ZPP/mol heme |