RT Book, Section A1 Mekeel, K.L. A1 Hemming, A.W. A2 Morita, Shane Y. A2 Balch, Charles M. A2 Klimberg, V. Suzanne A2 Pawlik, Timothy M. A2 Posner, Mitchell C. A2 Tanabe, Kenneth K. SR Print(0) ID 1145763990 T1 Management of Hepatic Metastases from Neuroendocrine Tumors T2 Textbook of Complex General Surgical Oncology YR 2018 FD 2018 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9780071793315 LK hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1145763990 RD 2024/03/28 AB Oberdorfer first described a tumor different from classic adenocarcinoma in the early 1900s, and referred to it as “karzinoid.” Historically, carcinoid has been the term to describe neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In reality, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors, including tumors originating from the stomach, pancreas, small bowel, rectum, appendix, and lung among other organs, and as a result there is a wide range of clinical courses. Because neuroendocrine cells secrete a variety of hormones and regulatory proteins, these tumors can secrete functional hormones. Carcinoid syndrome describes flushing, diarrhea, and cardiac valvular dysfunction associated with serotonin production, but tumors can produce a variety of hormones including gastrin, insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon. The GI tract and the pancreas are the most common site for NET formation, and they often metastasize to the liver through the portal vein. Because the primary tumors often have an indolent course, metastatic disease to the liver can be the primary presentation. This chapter focuses on the diagnosis and management of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine metastases to the liver.