RT Book, Section A1 Siddiqui, Bilal A. A1 Goswami, Sangeeta A1 Allison, James P. A1 Sharma, Padmanee A2 Kantarjian, Hagop M. A2 Wolff, Robert A. A2 Rieber, Alyssa G. SR Print(0) ID 1190839136 T1 Immuno-oncology T2 The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology, 4e YR 2022 FD 2022 PB McGraw Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781260467642 LK hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1190839136 RD 2024/11/05 AB KEY CONCEPTSImmune checkpoint therapy (ICT) targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed cell death protein 1 or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has changed the clinical course of many cancers, with some patients achieving survival benefit and durable responses lasting for years.The most commonly used biomarkers for ICT are tissue PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and mismatch repair deficiency or microsatellite instability.Significant efforts are underway to discover biomarkers for optimal patient selection and develop combinatorial strategies to improve response.Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can affect any organ and require prompt recognition and early intervention is critical.Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are engineered with a synthetic antigen receptor with high affinity for a tumor antigen coupled with a T-cell signaling domain. There are now three CAR T-cell (CAR T therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration for patients with hematologic malignancies). CAR T-cells have unique toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell–associated neurotoxicity syndrome, which require a high index of suspicion.Future areas of investigation in cancer immunotherapy include rational targeting of other immune checkpoints, refinement of CAR T-cell therapies and other cellular therapies, testing of immunotherapy earlier in the disease state (eg, neoadjuvant), combinatorial strategies, improved understanding of irAEs, and development of predictive biomarkers for toxicities and response.