RT Book, Section A1 Eschenhagen, Thomas A2 Brunton, Laurence L. A2 Knollmann, Björn C. SR Print(0) ID 1193233011 T1 Therapy of Heart Failure T2 Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14th Edition YR 2023 FD 2023 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781264258079 LK hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1193233011 RD 2024/10/04 AB Heart failure is responsible for more than half a million deaths annually in the U.S. Its prevalence is stable in developed countries but increasing worldwide, mainly due to an adoption of western lifestyle and an aging population. Median survival rates after the first hospitalization associated with heart failure are worse than in most cancers but have improved over the past 30 years (1.3 to 2.3 years in men and 1.3 to 1.7 years in women) (Jhund et al., 2009). This positive survival trend was associated with a 2- to 3-fold higher prescription rate of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β receptor antagonists (β blockers), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), suggesting that improved drug therapy has contributed to enhanced survival of patients with heart failure. However, a more complex picture evolved over the past decade with an increasing incidence in people younger than 55 years of age, a decrease in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF); and an increase in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; Chan et al., 2021; Tsao et al., 2018).